Updated September 2026
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All free classicsEthics
On the Improvement of the Understanding
Theologico-Political Treatise — Part 1
The Philosophy of Spinoza
Theologico-Political Treatise — Part 2
A Theological-Political Treatise [Part IV]
Ethics — Part 1
Ethics — Part 3
Ethics — Part 5
A Theological-Political Treatise [Part III]
Ethics — Part 4
Ethics — Part 2
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About Baruch Spinoza
Baruch (de) Spinoza, also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who was born and lived in the Dutch Republic. A forerunner of the Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and heterodox Christians, Spinoza was a leading philosopher of the Dutch Golden Age.
Biography from Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 4.0. Photo via Wikimedia Commons.
Authors like Baruch Spinoza
Sources: book lists and dates from Wikidata and Open Library, ratings from Open Library readers, free texts from Project Gutenberg. Last updated September 2026.